The Physical Makeup Of Finland Is Similar To That Of?
 | |
| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Northern Europe |
| Coordinates | sixty°10′N 24°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°Due east / 60.167; 24.933 |
| Area | |
| • Full | 338,424 kmii (130,666 sq mi) |
| • Land | 89.85% |
| • Water | ten.15% |
| Coastline | i,250 km (780 mi) |
| Borders | Total land borders: two,563 km (1,593 mi) |
| Highest signal | Haltitunturi ane,328 m (4,357 ft) |
| Lowest bespeak | Baltic Body of water 0 meters |
| Longest river | Kemijoki River 550 km (340 mi) |
| Largest lake | Saimaa four,400 km2 (1,700 sq mi) |
| Exclusive economic zone | 87,171 km2 (33,657 sq mi) |
The geography of Finland is characterized by its northern position, its ubiquitous landscapes of intermingled boreal forests and lakes, and its low population density. Republic of finland can be divided into three areas: archipelagoes and littoral lowlands, a slightly college central lake plateau and uplands to north and northeast. Adjoining the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, besides as Sweden, Norway, and Russia, Finland is the northernmost land in the European Marriage. Almost of the population and agricultural resources are full-bodied in the south. Northern and eastern Finland are sparsely populated containing vast wilderness areas. Taiga forest is the dominant vegetation blazon.
Size and external boundaries [edit]
Map of Finland – click to enlarge
Finland'southward full area is 337,030 km2 (130,128 sq mi). Of this area ten% is water, 69% wood, eight% cultivated country and 13% other. Finland is the eighth largest country in Europe after Russia, France, Ukraine, Kingdom of spain, Sweden, Norway and Frg.
As a whole, the shape of Finland'south boundaries resembles a figure of a i-armed human. In Finnish, parallels are drawn between the figure and the national personification of Republic of finland – Finnish Maiden (Suomi-neito) – and the country equally a whole tin be referred in the Finnish language past her name. Even in official context the area around Enontekiö in northwestern part of the land betwixt Sweden and Norway tin can exist referred to every bit the "Arm" (käsivarsi). After the Continuation War Finland lost major country areas to Russian federation in the Moscow Armistice of 1944, and the figure was said to have lost the other of her artillery, as well equally a hem of her "skirt".
Relief and geology [edit]
Geology [edit]
The boulder of Republic of finland belong to the Baltic Shield[1] and was formed by a succession of orogenies in Precambrian time.[2] The oldest rocks of Finland, those of Archean age, are found in the east and north. These rocks are importantly granitoids and migmatitic gneiss.[i] Rocks in central and western Republic of finland originated or came to place during the Svecokarelian orogeny.[one] Following this last orogeny Rapakivi granites intruded various locations of Finland during the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, especially at Åland and the southeast.[one] So-called Jotnian sediments occur unremarkably together with Rapakivi granites.[3] The youngest rocks in Finland are those institute in the northwestern arm which belong to Scandinavian Caledonides that assembled in Paleozoic times.[2] During the Caledonian orogeny Finland was likely a sunken foreland basin covered by sediments, subsequent uplift and erosion would have eroded all of these sediments.[iv]
Relief and hydrography [edit]
About i tertiary of Republic of finland lies below 100 1000, and about 2 thirds lies under 200 m.[1] Finland can be divided into three topographical areas; the coastal landscapes, the interior lake plateau also known as Finnish lake district and Upland Finland.[ane] The littoral landscapes are made up mostly of plains below 20 g. These plains tilt gently towards the sea so that where its irregularities surpasses sea-level groups of islands like the Kvarken Archipelago or the Åland Islands are found.[1] Åland is connected to the Finnish mainland past a shallow submarine plateau that does not exceed 20 1000 in depth.[5] Adjacent to the Gulf of Bothnia the landscape of Finland is extremely flat with height differences no larger than 50 1000.[6] This region called the Ostrobothnian Plain extends inland nigh 100 km and constitute the largest plain in the Nordic countries.[6]
The interior lake plateau is dominated by undulating hilly terrain with valley to height height differences of 100 or less and occasionally up to 200 thou.[1] [6] Just the expanse around the lakes Pielinen and Päijänne stand with a subtly more pronounced relief.[vi] The relief of the interior lake plateau bears some resemblance to the Swedish Norrland terrain.[1] Upland Finland and areas higher than 200 m are plant mostly in the northward and e of the country. A limited number of hills and mountains exceed 500 chiliad in height in these regions.[six] Inselberg plains are mutual in the northern half of the country.[7] In the far north hills reach 200 to 400 1000 and the landscape is a förfjäll (fore-fell).[1] Only the farthermost northwest contains a more than dramatic mount mural.[8]
The subdued landscape of Finland is the effect of protracted erosion that has leveled down ancient mountain massifs into well-nigh-apartment landforms called peneplains.[2] The last major leveling effect resulted in the formation of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain in Late Neoproterozoic time.[2] [9] While Finland has remained very close to bounding main-level since the germination of this last peneplain some further relief was formed by a slight uplift resulting in the etching of valleys by rivers. The slight uplift besides means that at parts the uplifted peneplain can be traced as summit accordances.[2] The Quaternary ice ages resulted in the erosion of weak rock and loose materials by glaciers. When the water ice masses retreated eroded depressions turned into lakes.[2] [A] Fractures in Finland'southward boulder were particularly affected by weathering and erosion, leaving as result trace direct sea and lake inlets.[ii]
Except a few rivers along the coasts most rivers in Finland drain at some stage into one or more lakes.[8] The drainage basins bleed into various directions. Much of Finland drains into the Gulf of Bothnia including the country's largest and longest rivers, Kokemäenjoki and Kemijoki respectively.[8] Finland'southward largest lake drains by Vuoksi River into Lake Ladoga in Russia.[1] [8] Upland Republic of finland in the east drains east across Russian Republic of Karelia into the White Sea.[viii] In the northeast Lake Inari discharges by Paatsjoki into Barents Bounding main in the Chill.[8]
| Twelvemonth before present | Deglaciated |
| 12,700 | Helsinki, Kotka |
| 11,000 | Turku, Kuopio |
| 10,900 | Jyväskylä, Mariehamn, Tampere |
| x,800 | Lake Inari |
| x,700 | All of Åland |
| 10,500 | Kajaani |
| 10,300 | Vasa, Oulu |
| 10,200 | Rovaniemi |
| 10,100 | Tornio |
Fourth glaciation [edit]
The water ice sheet that covered Finland intermittently during the Fourth grew out from the Scandinavian Mountains.[12] During the last deglaciation the starting time parts of Republic of finland to become ice-free, the southeastern coast, did so slightly prior to the Younger Dryas cold-spell 12,700 years before present (BP). The retreat of the ice comprehend occurred simultaneously from the northward-east, the east and southeast. The retreat was fastest from the southeast resulting in the lower class of Tornio being the last part of Finland to exist deglaciated. Finally past 10,100 years BP the ice cover had all only left Finland to concentrate in Sweden and Norway before fading away.[11]
As the ice canvas became thinner and retreated the land begun to rise by effect of isostacy. Much of Finland was nether water when the ice retreated and was gradually uplifted in a process that continues today.[13] [B] Albeit not all areas were drowned at the same time it is estimated at fourth dimension or another about 62% has been under water.[fourteen] Depending on location in Finland the ancient shoreline reached unlike maximum heights. In southern Finland 150 to 160 m, in key Republic of finland almost 200 one thousand and in eastern Finland upwardly to 220 chiliad.[13]
Climate [edit]
Finland map of Köppen climate classification.
Latitude is the principal influence on Finland'due south climate. Because of Finland's northern location, winter is the longest flavour.[15] Only in the s coast is summertime every bit long as winter.[ citation needed ] On the boilerplate, winter lasts from early December to mid March in the archipelago and the southwestern coast and from early on October to early on May in Lapland.[ citation needed ] This means that southern portions of the country are snow-covered nearly three months of the year and the northern, about seven months.[15] The long winter causes well-nigh one-half of the almanac 500 to 600 millimetres (19.7 to 23.half dozen in) of atmospheric precipitation in the northward to fall as snow.[15] Precipitation in the south amounts to near 600 to 700 millimetres (23.half-dozen to 27.vi in) annually.[xv] Like that of the north, it occurs all through the year, though not so much of it is snow.[fifteen]
The Atlantic Ocean to the w and the Eurasian continent to the east interact to alter the climate of the country.[xv] The warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Electric current, which warm Norway and Sweden, also warm Finland.[15] Westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the Baltic areas and to the country'southward shores, moderating winter temperatures, especially in the south.[xv] These winds, because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies, also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer.[15] Past contrast, the continental high force per unit area organisation situated over the Eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences, occasionally causing astringent winters and high temperatures in the summer.[15]
The highest e'er recorded temperature is 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) (Liperi, 29 July 2010).[16] The lowest, −51.5 °C (−60.vii °F) (Kittilä, 28 January 1999). The annual middle temperature is relatively high in the southwestern office of the country (five.0 to 7.5 °C or 41.0 to 45.five °F), with quite mild winters and warm summers, and low in the northeastern part of Lapland (0 to −4 °C or 32 to 25 °F).
Temperature extremes for every month:[17]
| Climate information for Republic of finland | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | January | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Tape high °C (°F) | 10.ix (51.6) | 11.viii (53.2) | 17.5 (63.5) | 25.5 (77.nine) | 31.0 (87.8) | 33.viii (92.8) | 37.2 (99.0) | 33.8 (92.eight) | 28.8 (83.8) | xx.9 (69.half dozen) | 14.three (57.7) | eleven.3 (52.iii) | 37.ii (99.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −51.v (−60.7) | −49.0 (−56.2) | −44.three (−47.vii) | −36.0 (−32.viii) | −24.6 (−12.3) | −7.0 (19.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −x.8 (12.6) | −18.7 (−i.7) | −31.8 (−25.2) | −42.0 (−43.half-dozen) | −47.0 (−52.6) | −51.5 (−threescore.seven) |
| Source: http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia | |||||||||||||
Extreme highs:
- Jan: +ten.9 °C (51.vi °F) (January 6, 1973, Mariehamn, Åland)
- Feb: +11.viii °C (53.two °F) (February 28, 1943, Ilmala, Helsinki, Uusimaa)
- March: +17.5 °C (63.5 °F) (March 27, 2007, Helsinki-Vantaa Drome, Vantaa, Uusimaa)
- Apr: +25.5 °C (77.9 °F) (Apr 27, 1921, Jyväskylä, Central Republic of finland)
- May: +31.0 °C (87.8 °F) (May thirty/31, 1995, Lapinjärvi, Uusimaa)
- June: +33.8 °C (92.8 °F) (June 24, 1934, Ähtäri, Southern Ostrobothnia)
- July: +37.2 °C (99.0 °F) (July 29, 2010, Joensuu Airport, Liperi, Northern Karelia)[16]
- August: +33.8 °C (92.viii °F) (August seven, 2010, Heinola, Päijänne Tavastia, and Puumala, Southern Savonia)[eighteen]
- September: +28.8 °C (83.8 °F) (September 6, 1968, Rauma, Satakunta)
- October: +xx.nine °C (69.six °F) (Oct 14, 2018, Kruunupyy, Kokkola-Pietarsaari Airport, Ostrobothnia)
- November: +14.3 °C (57.vii °F) (November 3, 2015, Kimito, Kimitoön, Southwest Republic of finland)
- December: +11.iii °C (52.three °F) (Dec twenty, 2015, Kokemäki, Satakunta and Pori, Satakunta)
Farthermost lows:
- January: −51.5 °C (−threescore.7 °F) (January 28, 1999, Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland)
- February: −49.0 °C (−56.2 °F) (February five, 1912, Sodankylä, Lapland)
- March: −44.three °C (−47.7 °F) (March 1, 1971, Tuntsa, Salla, Lapland)
- April: −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) (Apr 9, 1912, Kuusamo, Northern Ostrobothnia)
- May: −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) (May 1, 1971, Enontekiö, Lapland)
- June: −seven.0 °C (nineteen.4 °F) (June iii, 1962, Laanila, Inari, Lapland)
- July: −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) (July 12, 1958, Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö, Lapland)
- August: −10.eight °C (12.6 °F) (August 26, 1980, Naruska, Salla, Lapland)
- September: −18.7 °C (−1.seven °F) (September 26, 1968, Sodankylä, Lapland)
- Oct: −31.8 °C (−25.2 °F) (October 25, 1968, Sodankylä, Lapland)
- Nov: −42.0 °C (−43.half dozen °F) (November 30, 1915, Sodankylä, Lapland)
- December: −47.0 °C (−52.6 °F) (December 21, 1919, Pielisjärvi, Northern Karelia)
Surface area and boundaries [edit]
Area:
full: 338,145 kmii (130,559 sq mi)
state: 303,815 kmtwo (117,304 sq mi)
water: 34,330 kmii (13,250 sq mi)
Surface area – comparative: slightly smaller than Germany, Montana, and Newfoundland and Labrador
Land boundaries:
total: 2,563 km (1,593 mi)
border countries: Norway 709 km (441 mi), Sweden 545 km (339 mi), Russia one,309 km (813 mi)
Coastline: i,250 km (780 mi)
Maritime claims:
Territorial bounding main: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi), 3 nmi (v.56 km; 3.45 mi) in the Gulf of Finland; at that place is a stretch of international waters between Finnish and Estonian claims; Bogskär has separate internal waters and 3 nmi of territorial waters
Face-to-face zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
Exclusive economic zone: 87,171 km2 (33,657 sq mi); extends to continental shelf purlieus with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia
Continental shelf: 200 one thousand (660 ft) depth or to the depth of exploitation
Elevation extremes:
everyman point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest signal: Haltitunturi ane,328 one thousand (4,357 ft)
Resources and state utilize [edit]
Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, argent, limestone
State utilize:
arable land: 7.40%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 92.59% (2012)
Irrigated state: 685.viii km2 (2010)
Full renewable water resource: 110 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agronomical):
total: 1.63 kmthree/twelvemonth (25%/72%/3%)
per capita: 308.ix m3/yr (2005)
Environmental concerns [edit]
Natural hazards: Common cold periods in winter pose a threat to the unprepared.
Environs – electric current issues: air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; h2o pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment – international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Ecology Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Chancy Wastes, Police of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling, Air Pollution–Persistent Organic Pollutants (signed 2001, ratified 2002),[19] Climate Change–Kyoto Protocol (signed May 1998, ratified together with xiv other EU countries May 31, 2002).[twenty]
Other miscellaneous information [edit]
- In Finland there are approximately 168,000 lakes of over 0.v hectares (one.2 acres) in size, and 57,000 of over i hectare (two.5 acres).[21] A research project by National State Survey of Finland is currently (2019) seeking to clarify the definition of 'lake' and the number of lakes in Finland.[22]
- The Finnish capital, Helsinki, is the northernmost capital city on the mainland of any continent, and ranks every bit second globally. (The Icelandic capital Reykjavik takes the showtime place globally)
- The nation itself is the fourth northernmost country in Europe afterward Iceland, Norway and Russia.
- At 1,313 kilometres (816 mi), Finland has the second-longest edge with Russian federation of any European country, surpassed but past Ukraine (1,576 km or 979 mi).
- The third largest lake, Lake Inari in the Lapland province of farthermost northern Finland, has a surface area of 1,040.28 square kilometres (401.65 sq mi), a total shore length of three,308 kilometres (2,055 mi), a maximum depth of 92 metres (302 ft), some iii,318 islands, and a total h2o volume of xv.9 cubic kilometres (3.eight cu mi). Despite its size and numerous recreational opportunities, the lake is scarcely visited sheerly because of its i,100-kilometre (680 mi) distance from Helsinki, and its daunting distance to other similarly populated areas in the due south of the country.
Notes [edit]
- ^ Compare to southern Sweden where its large number of lakes would according to Alfred Gabriel Nathorst exist indebted to the cosmos of basins due to the stripping of an irregular mantle of weathered stone by glacier erosion.[ten]
- ^ If current rates of uplift continue Sweden and Finland will have a country boundary across the Gulf of Bothnia at Kvarken in well-nigh ii,000 years.[13]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j k Behrens, Sven; Lundqvist, Thomas. "Republic of finland: Terrängformer och berggrund". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad Lindberg, Johan (April four, 2016). "berggrund och ytformer". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Korja, A.; Korja, T.; Luosto, U.; Heikkinen, P. (1993). "Seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the Fennoscandian Shield – implications for Precambrian crustal evolution". Tectonophysics. 219 (1–3): 129–152. doi:x.1016/0040-1951(93)90292-r.
- ^ Murrell, Thou.R.; Andriessen, P.A.M. (2004). "Unravelling a long-term multi-event thermal tape in the cratonic interior of southern Finland through apatite fission track thermochronology". Physics and Chemistry of the Globe, Parts A/B/C. 29 (ten): 695–706. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2004.03.007.
- ^ Lindberg, Johan (May 26, 2016). "Åland". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved November thirty, 2017.
- ^ a b c d due east Rudberg, Sten (1960). "Geology and Morphology". In Somme, Axel (ed.). Geography of Norden. pp. 27–twoscore.
- ^ Ebert, Thousand.; Hall, A.; Hättestrand, C.; Alm, G. (2009). "Multi-phase development of a glaciated inselberg mural". Geomorphology. 115 (ane): 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.030.
- ^ a b c d east f "Finland". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
- ^ Japsen, Peter; Light-green, Paul F.; Bonow, Johan M.; Erlström, Mikael (2016). "Episodic burial and exhumation of the southern Baltic Shield: Epeirogenic uplifts during and after pause-up of Pangaea". Gondwana Research. 35: 357–377. doi:x.1016/j.gr.2015.06.005.
- ^ Lidmar-Bergström, K.; Olsson, S.; Roaldset, Due east. (1999). "Relief features and palaeoweathering remnants in formerly glaciated Scandinavian basement areas". In Thiry, Médard; Simon-Coinçon, Régine (eds.). Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related Continental Deposits. Special publication of the International Clan of Sedimentologists. Vol. 27. Blackwell Scientific discipline Ltd. pp. 275–301. ISBN0-632-05311-9.
- ^ a b Stroeven, Arjen P.; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W.; Harbor, Jonathan Yard.; Jansen, John D.; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W.; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C.; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N. (2016). "Deglaciation of Fennoscandia". Fourth Scientific discipline Reviews. 147: 91–121. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016.
- ^ Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia". 4th International. 95–96: 99–112. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00031-nine.
- ^ a b c Lindberg, Johan (May 2, 2011). "landhöjning". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ^ Tikkanen, Matti; Oksanen, Juha (2002). "Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland". Fennia. 180 (1–two). Retrieved Dec 22, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Solsten, Eric (1990). "Geography". In Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.). Finland: a land report. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 79. OCLC 44367049.
This commodity incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . {{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b "Mercury Hits All Time Record of 37.2 Degrees". YLE Uutiset. Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Lämpötilan ennätykset" (in Finnish). Helsinki: Ilmatieteen laitos. 14 Nov 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Elokuun lämpöennätys tarkentui: 33,8 astetta". YLE Uutiset (in Finnish). Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ More Nations Ratify POPs – But Bush-league Stalls U.S. Effort [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Fourth National Advice".
- ^ "Environment and Natural Resources > Geographical data". Tilastokeskus (Statistics Finland) . Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ "Maanmittauslaitos selvitti: Suomi on tuhansien järvien maa" (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved thirteen July 2019.
- This commodity incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.
External links [edit]
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Media related to Geography of Republic of finland at Wikimedia Commons
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Finland
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