In What Terms Of The Ethnic Makeup Of French Guianas Population.

Overseas department of France in Due south America

Place in France

French Guiana Guyane (French)
Overseas department, region and single territorial collectivity of France
Territorial Collectivity of French Guiana Collectivité territoriale de Guyane (French)
Flag Glaze of arms
Motto(s): Fert Aurum Industria
Canticle: La Marseillaise ("The Marseillaise")
Coordinates: 4°North 53°W  /  iv°Northward 53°W  / iv; -53 Coordinates: 4°N 53°Westward  /  4°Northward 53°W  / 4; -53
State	France
Prefecture	Cayenne
Departments	1 (every overseas region consists of a department in itself)
Regime
• Prefect	Thierry Queffelec[one]
• President of the Associates	Gabriel Serville (Guyane Kontré pour avancer)
• Legislature	Assembly of French Guiana
Surface area [2] [three]
• Total	83,846 km2 (32,373 sq mi)
• Land	83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi)
• Rank	2nd region and 1st section
Population (January 2022)[4]
• Total	294,436
• Density	3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
Demonym(due south)	French Guianan French Guianese
Time zone	UTC-iii:00 (BRT)
ISO 3166 lawmaking	GF FR-973
GDP (2019)[5]	Ranked 17th
Total	€four.41 billion (U.s.a.$4.93 billion)
Per capita	€xv,521 (US$17,375)
Basics Region	FRA
Website	Territorial Collectivity Prefecture

French Guiana ( or ; French: Guyane [ɡɥijan] ( listen )) is an overseas department/region and unmarried territorial collectivity of French republic on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas. It borders Brazil to the eastward and south and Suriname to the w.

With a country surface area of 83,534 km² (32,253 sq mi),^[3] French Guiana is the second-largest region of France (more than one-7th the size of Metropolitan French republic) and the largest outermost region within the European Union. Information technology has very low population density, with only 3.v inhabitants per square kilometre (nine.1/sq mi). (Its population is less than ane⁄200 that of Metropolitan French republic.) One-half of its 294,436 inhabitants in 2022 lived in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital letter. 98.ix% of the land territory of French Guiana is covered by forests,^[6] a large part of which is primeval rainforest. The Guiana Amazonian Park, which is the largest national park in the European Matrimony,^[7] covers 41% of French Guiana'southward territory.

Since December 2015, both the region and department accept been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity, the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity (French: collectivité territoriale de Guyane). This associates, the French Guiana Assembly (French: assemblée de Guyane), replaced the former regional council and departmental council, which were disbanded. The French Guiana Associates is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is Gabriel Serville.

Fully integrated in the French Republic since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the euro. A big role of French Guiana'south economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the Guiana Infinite Middle, at present the European Infinite Agency'due south primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official linguistic communication is standard French, only each ethnic customs has its ain language, of which French Guianese Creole, a French-based creole language, is the most widely spoken.

Proper noun [edit]

Map of northern Southward America showing the extent of the Guyanas region.

The addition of the describing word "French" in nigh languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies (The Guianas) had been named along the declension, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (at present Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Republic of guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the Guiana Shield.

History [edit]

French Guiana was originally inhabited past indigenous people: Kalina, Arawak, Galibi, Palikur, Teko, Wayampi and Wayana. The French attempted to create a colony at that place in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue.

Prior to European colonization, the territory was originally inhabited by Native Americans, most speaking the Arawak language, of the Arawakan linguistic communication family. The people identified as Lokono. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. Guiana was developed as a slave lodge, where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on big carbohydrate and other plantations in such number as to increment the population. The organisation of slavery in French Guiana connected until the French Revolution, when the National Convention voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in France'due south overseas colonies in February 1794, months later enslaved Haitians had started a slave rebellion in the colony of Saint-Domingue. However, the 1794 decree was but implemented in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, while the colonies of Senegal, Mauritius, Réunion and Martinique and French Republic of india resisted the imposition of these laws.^[8]

Pecker Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Stirling^[9] wrote of French Guiana's origins:

The starting time French try to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly, as settlers were subject to high mortality given the numerous tropical diseases and harsh climate: all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers died.

After France ceded Louisiana to the United States in 1804, it developed Guiana as a penal colony, establishing a network of camps and penitentiaries along the coast where prisoners from metropolitan French republic were sentenced to forced labour.^{[ non verified in body ]}

During operations as a penal colony beginning in the mid-19th century, the French government transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to Devil's Island. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence.^[10]

Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of a pocket-size prison facility, role of a larger penal organisation past the same proper name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953.

In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their difficult labour.^[eleven] A Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a armed services presence until 1817.

After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to grab butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were oft long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market place, both for scientific purposes as well equally full general collecting.^[12]

A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast expanse of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent land of Counani in the disputed territory. There was some fighting amongst settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government.^[thirteen]

The territory of Inini consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930.^[14] It was abolished in 1946, the year that French Guiana equally a whole was formally established equally an overseas department of France.^[15] In 1936, Félix Éboué from Cayenne became the get-go blackness human being to serve as governor in a French colony.^{[16] [17]}

During World War II and the fall of French republic to Nazi German forces, French Guiana became role of Vichy France. Guiana officially rallied to Free France on xvi March 1943.^[18] It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French department on 19 March 1946.^[15]

Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent warfare conducted in the region by the U.s., France helped resettle several hundred Hmong refugees from Lao people's democratic republic to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement later the communist takeover of Laos by Pathet Lao in 1975.^{[19] [20]}

In the tardily 1980s, more than 10,000 Surinamese refugees, by and large Maroons, arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the Surinamese Civil War.^[19]

More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian economical migrants.^[19] Illegal and ecologically destructive aureate mining by Brazilian garimpeiros is a chronic upshot in the remote interior rain woods of French Guiana.^{[21] [22]} The region nonetheless faces such problems equally illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, college costs of living, college levels of criminal offence and more than mutual social unrest.^[23]

In 1964, French president Charles de Gaulle decided to construct a space-travel base of operations in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base of operations in Algeria and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The section was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the equator and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The Guiana Space Centre, located a short altitude along the coast from Kourou, has grown considerably since the initial launches of the Véronique rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches every bit the Ariane iv, Ariane five and Ariane flight VA256 which launched the James Webb Space Telescope into space.

The Guianese Full general Council officially adopted a departmental flag in 2010.^[24] In a referendum that same yr, French Guiana voted against autonomy.^[25]

On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began going on strike and demonstrating for more resource and infrastructure.^[26] 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.^[27]

French Guiana has been impacted severely by the COVID-19 outbreak, with more than 1% of French Guianese testing positive by the end of June 2020.^[28]

Geography [edit]

French Guiana lies between latitudes 2° and 6° N, and longitudes 51° and 55° Westward. It consists of ii main geographical regions: a littoral strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, most-inaccessible rainforest which gradually rises to the pocket-size peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini in Maripasoula (851 yard, ii,792 ft). Other mountains include Mont Itoupé (826 chiliad, 2,710 ft), Cottica Mountain (744 one thousand, two,441 ft), Moving-picture show Coudreau (711 m, 2,333 ft), and Kaw Mountain (337 k, one,106 ft).

Several small islands are establish off the coast: the 3 Salvation'southward Islands which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable bird sanctuary farther forth the declension towards Brazil.

The Petit-Saut Dam, a hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the Waki River.

As of 2007^[update], the Amazonian wood, located in the most remote role of the department, is protected equally the Guiana Amazonian Park, i of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some 33,900 km² (13,090 sq mi) upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.

Climate [edit]

Köppen climate classification of French Guiana

French Guiana has a tropical rainforest climate predominant.^[29] Located within six degrees of the Equator and rising simply to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all yr round. During virtually of the year, rainfall across the state is heavy due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In well-nigh parts of French Guiana, rainfall is e'er heavy especially from December to July – typically over 330 millimetres or thirteen inches can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a "hot and dry out" flavour with rainfall below 60 millimetres or 2.36 inches and average high temperatures in a higher place thirty °C (86 °F) occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to exist classified as a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a tropical rainforest climate (Af).

Climate data for Cayenne, French Guiana
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	December	Year
Record loftier °C (°F)	32 (90)	34 (93)	33 (91)	33 (91)	33 (91)	34 (93)	34 (93)	36 (97)	36 (97)	36 (97)	35 (95)	34 (93)	36 (97)
Average high °C (°F)	27 (81)	28 (82)	28 (82)	28 (82)	28 (82)	28 (82)	29 (84)	30 (86)	31 (88)	30 (86)	30 (86)	28 (82)	29 (84)
Average low °C (°F)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	23 (73)	23 (73)
Tape low °C (°F)	nineteen (66)	20 (68)	nineteen (66)	18 (64)	20 (68)	21 (70)	twenty (68)	twenty (68)	21 (70)	twenty (68)	20 (68)	20 (68)	18 (64)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	380 (15.0)	320 (12.half-dozen)	380 (fifteen.0)	380 (15.0)	510 (20.ane)	390 (15.4)	200 (7.9)	100 (3.9)	xl (i.six)	fifty (two.0)	120 (4.7)	290 (xi.iv)	3,160 (124.6)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.ane mm)	20	16	22	21	26	23	eighteen	9	four	iv	11	18	192
Boilerplate relative humidity (%)	82	80	82	84	85	82	78	74	71	71	76	81	79
Hateful monthly sunshine hours	155	113	124	120	124	180	217	248	270	279	240	186	two,256
Source: BBC Weather[30]

Environment [edit]

French Guiana is domicile to many different ecosystems: tropical rainforests, coastal mangroves, savannahs, inselbergs and many types of wetlands. It lies within iii ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, and Guianan mangroves.^[31] French Guiana has a high level of biodiversity of both flora and fauna. This is due to the presence of quondam-growth forests (i.due east., ancient/primary forests), which are biodiversity hotspots. The rainforests of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry out periods and terrestrial glaciation.^[32] These forests are protected by a national park (the Guiana Amazonian Park), vii additional nature reserves, and 17 protected sites.^[33] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Eu (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas.^[32]

Following the Grenelle Environment Round Tabular array of 2007, the Grenelle Law Ii was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Commodity 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of golden) that is uniform with requirements for environmental protection.^[34] The coastal environment along the RN1 has historically experienced the about changes, but development is occurring locally along the RN2, and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining.

5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thou copse, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are endemic and 109 species of amphibians. The micro-organisms would be much more numerous, peculiarly in the north, which competes with the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra.

Threats to the ecosystem are: habitat fragmentation from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of Due south America; immediate and deferred impacts of EDF'southward Petit-Saut Dam; gilded mining; poor control of hunting and poaching, facilitated by the cosmos of many tracks; and the introduction of all-terrain vehicles. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Wood Lawmaking of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest.

The beaches of the Amana Nature Reserve are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle.^{[35] [36]}

Agriculture [edit]

French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.k., nitrogen, potassium) and organic thing. Soil acidity is another cause of the poor soils, and information technology requires farmers to add lime to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the utilise of slash and burn agronomics. The resulting ashes elevate soil pH (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute minerals and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of Terra preta (anthropogenic soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly nigh the edge with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to decide how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times.

Economic system [edit]

An Ariane 5 rocket being candy at the Guiana Space Center; the launch site is estimated to account for equally much as 16% of French Guiana'due south GDP

As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the Eu and the Eurozone; its currency is the euro. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is .gf, but .fr is generally used instead.^[37]

In 2019, the Gross domestic product of French Guiana at market exchange rates was Usa$4.93 billion (€4.41 billion),^[five] ranking as the 2nd largest economic system in the Guianas after Guyana (which discovered large oil fields in 2015 and 2018), and the 12th largest in South America.^[38]

From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled past the development of French republic's Guiana Infinite Eye (established in French Guiana in 1964 equally the independence of Algeria in 1962 led to the closure of France's space middle in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana'due south economy did not endure from the Global Financial Crisis of 2008: the GDP grew past an boilerplate of +3.4% per twelvemonth in real terms from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the speedily growing population, which immune French Guiana to grab up somewhat with the residuum of France in terms of standards of living.^[5] The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of metropolitan France's level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.^[5]

Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economical growth has been uneven, and more than subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economic system grew by an average of only +1.2% in real terms.^[five] French Guiana experienced a recession of -0.8% in 2014, and social unrest in 2017 led to almost no economical growth that year. Economical growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, merely was over again nearly zilch (+0.2%) in 2019.^[5] As a outcome, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France'southward. In 2019, the Gross domestic product per capita of French Guiana at market commutation rates, non at PPP, was US$17,375 (€15,521),^[v] the 2nd-highest in S America (behind Uruguay),^[39] but simply 42.3% of metropolitan France's average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the Paris Region.^[5]

French Guiana was affected by the COVID-xix pandemic in 2020, leading to a recession of -2.7% that yr co-ordinate to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the COVID-nineteen recession in metropolitan France (-seven.nine% in 2020).^[5]

Regional GDP of French Guiana
(in euros, electric current prices)

	2000	2006	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Nominal Gross domestic product (€ bn)	1.95	ii.91	3.78	3.86	iii.96	iii.99	4.xiii	4.13	4.35	four.41
GDP per capita (euros)	11,814	13,874	15,638	15,534	15,480	15,091	fifteen,356	15,151	15,607	15,521
Gross domestic product per capita equally a % of Metropolitan France's	48.0%	47.i%	48.5%	47.8%	47.1%	45.one%	45.ii%	43.five%	43.seven%	42.iii%
Sources: INSEE.[5]

French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.^{[ citation needed ]} The primary traditional industries are angling (accounting for v% of exports in 2012), gold mining (bookkeeping for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).^[xl] In improver, the Guiana Space Eye has played a meaning role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964: information technology deemed directly and indirectly for sixteen% of French Guiana'southward Gdp in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).^[41] The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.^[42]

There is very picayune manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area about the coast and along the Maroni River. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main cash crops grown for consign simply accept almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between Cayenne and the second-largest town, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, and market gardening (fruits and vegetables) adult by the Hmong communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local marketplace. A thriving rice production, developed on polders almost Mana from the early 1980s to the tardily 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new Eu institute health rules which forbid the utilize of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, peculiarly eco-tourism, is growing.

Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.^[43] In contempo years, the unemployment rate has declined from a top of 23.0% in 2016 to nineteen.3% in 2019.^[44]

Demographics [edit]

Historical population [edit]

French Guiana experienced a long menstruum of demographic stagnation during the days of the Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni penal colonies (19th century and showtime half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief gold rush in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its clan with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria in item).

Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the comeback of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)^[45] and the establishment of the Guiana Space Middle in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both past high nascence rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from metropolitan French republic, to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular Suriname and Brazil). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the Surinamese Interior War,^[19] resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year).

In the 21st century, the nascence charge per unit has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking aviary (in item from Haiti) take kept population growth above 2% per yr in the 2010s. French Guiana's population reached 294,436 in 2022 (Jan. estimate),^[4] more than than ten times the population it had in 1954.

Historical population

Yr Popular. ±% p.a. 1807 15,483 — 1814 fourteen,463 −0.97% 1827 22,416 +iii.43% 1832 22,531 +0.10% 1837 21,221 −one.19% 1842 xx,365 −0.82% 1850 twenty,100 −0.16% 1855 20,198 +0.ten% 1860 25,687 +four.93% 1868 25,151 −0.26% 1872 24,171 −0.99%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1876 27,082 +2.88% 1880 27,333 +0.23% 1887 25,796 −0.82% 1891 29,650 +3.54% 1895 30,310 +0.55% 1901 32,908 +ane.38% 1906 39,117 +iii.52% 1911 48,810 +4.53% 1921 44,202 −0.99% 1936 36,975 −one.xviii% 1946 28,506 −2.57%	Year Popular. ±% p.a. 1954 27,863 −0.27% 1961 33,505 +2.57% 1967 44,392 +4.79% 1974 55,125 +3.14% 1982 73,022 +three.88% 1990 114,678 +5.79% 1999 157,213 +3.58% 2008 219,266 +iii.85% 2013 244,118 +2.17% 2019 281,678 +2.41% 2022 294,436 +ane.49%
Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.[46] [47] [48] INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2019.[49] [l] Concluding INSEE 2022 estimate.[4]

Ethnic groups [edit]

Daily life in the Wayana village of Antecume Pata

French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the declension, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2018 census, 56.half dozen% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.ix% were born in Metropolitan France, 2.8% were built-in in the French Caribbean departments and collectivities (Guadeloupe and Martinique etc.), and 31.5% were born in strange countries (primarily Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti).^[51]

Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana indigenous composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a big proportion of immigrants. People of African descent, including Mulattos, are the largest indigenous group, though estimates vary equally to the exact per centum, depending upon whether the large Haitian customs is included also. By and large, the Creole population is judged to be virtually 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are too smaller groups from various Caribbean islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia.

Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European beginnings. The vast majority of these are of French beginnings, though at that place are also people of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry.

The main Asian communities are the Chinese (about 3–4%, primarily from Zhejiang and Guangdong in mainland China) and Hmong from Laos (i–two%). Other groups from Asia include East Indians, Lebanese and Vietnamese.

The main groups living in the interior are the Maroons who are of African descent, and Amerindians. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, alive primarily forth the Maroni River. The master Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in Suriname), and Boni (Aluku).

The main Amerindian groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the Arawak, Carib, Emerillon (at present called the Teko), Galibi (now called the Kaliña), Palikur, Wayampi and Wayana. Equally of the late 1990s, there was testify of an uncontacted grouping of Wayampi.

Immigration [edit]

Place of nascency of residents of French Guiana
(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2018 censuses)

Census	Born in French Guiana	Born in Metropolitan French republic	Born in the French W Indies	Built-in in the residue of Overseas France	Born in strange countries with French citizenship at birth¹	Immigrants²
2018	56.6%	eight.nine%	2.8%	0.3%	1.0%	30.5%
2013	57.0%	9.4%	2.9%	0.iii%	1.2%	29.2%
2008	55.4%	nine.6%	3.0%	0.2%	1.three%	30.5%
1999	54.iv%	11.8%	four.9%	0.iii%	2.0%	26.six%
1990	50.5%	11.7%	five.2%	0.iii%	one.9%	30.4%
¹Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates. ²An immigrant is past French definition a person born in a strange state and who didn't have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have caused French citizenship since moving to French republic, only is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other paw, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
Source: INSEE[51]

In contempo years, French Guiana has seen an increase in Syrian refugees trying to escape the Syrian Civil State of war. For them and other groups of migrants, the bulk arriving from Latin American and Eye Eastern countries (especially Republic of cuba, Yemen, and Palestine), its status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many alive in crowded refugee camps with poor conditions and piffling protection from the elements. Neither local regime nor the French government have made meaning efforts to aid the situation.^{[52] [53] [54]}

Faith [edit]

The dominant religion of French Guiana is Roman Catholicism; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic attributable to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.^[55] Guianan Catholics are part of the Diocese of Cayenne.

Fertility [edit]

The total fertility charge per unit in French Guiana has remained loftier and is today considerably higher than that of metropolitan French republic, too equally most of the other French overseas departments. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana.

Total fertility rate

	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
French Guiana	3.87	3.93	iii.79	three.73	3.77	3.47	3.79	3.80	3.73	3.57	three.49	3.37	three.42	3.60	3.47	3.44	3.44	3.61	3.93	3.82
four overseas departmentsA	2.32	two.45	ii.42	2.35	two.38	2.twoscore	2.46	2.48	2.48	2.46	ii.42	ii.39	two.40	2.48	two.44	N/A	Northward/A	North/A	N/A	N/A
Metropolitan France	i.79	ane.87	1.88	i.86	ane.87	1.90	1.92	1.98	1.96	one.99	one.99	2.02	two.00	one.99	1.97	1.97	1.93	1.89	1.86	1.84
Source: INSEE[56] A Information for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.

Languages [edit]

The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken past most residents every bit a first or second language. In addition, a number of other local languages exist. Regional languages include French Guianese Creole (non to be dislocated with Guyanese Creole), six Amerindian languages (Arawak, Palijur, Kali'na, Wayana, Wayampi, Emerillon), four Maroon creole languages (Saramaka, Paramaccan, Aluku, Ndyuka), equally well as Hmong Njua.^[57] Other languages spoken include English language, Portuguese, Standard mandarin, Haitian Creole and Spanish.

Politics [edit]

Map of the Eu in the globe with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, every bit of 2019

French Guiana, as part of France, forms part of the European Union – the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with i of the longest European union external boundaries. It is 1 of only three European Marriage territories outside Europe that is not an island (the others being the Castilian Autonomous Cities in Africa, Ceuta and Melilla). As an integral function of France, its head of state is the president of the French republic, and its head of government is the prime minister of France. The French government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range of issues that are reserved to the national executive power, such as defense and external relations.

The president of French republic appoints a prefect (resident at the prefecture edifice in Cayenne) as his representative to caput the local government of French Guiana. In that location is one elected, local executive torso, the Assemblée de Guyane.^[58]

French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Associates, 1 representing the district (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic past state area. French Guiana also sends 2 senators to the French Senate.^{[ citation needed ]} The get-go woman to be elected to the Senate was Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth in 2020.^{[59] [60]}

The Guianese Socialist Party dominated politics in French Guiana until 2010.

A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and hole-and-corner golden prospectors from Brazil and Suriname. The edge between the department and Suriname, the Maroni River, flows through rain woods and is hard for the Gendarmerie and the French Strange Legion to patrol. In that location have been several phases launched by the French government to combat illegal gold mining in French Guiana, beginning with Performance Anaconda beginning in 2003, followed by Operation Harpie in 2008 and 2009 and Operation Harpie Reinforce in 2010. Colonel François Müller, the commander of French Guiana's gendarmes, believes these operations have been successful. Even so, afterward each operation ends, Brazilian miners, garimpeiros ^[fr], return.^[61] Soon after Performance Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On 12 March 2010 a squad of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful performance, during which "the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated iii boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth well-nigh $22,317". Garimpeiros returned to call back their lost boodle and colleagues. The soldiers fired warning shots and safety "flash balls", but the miners managed to retake ane of their boats and about 500 grams of gilt. "The tearing reaction past the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional accept of 617 grams of gilded, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining", said Phillipe Duporge, the director of French Guiana's border police, at a press conference the side by side day.^[62]

Administrative divisions [edit]

French Guiana is divided into 2 arrondissements and 22 communes:

Number	Proper noun	Expanse (km2)	Population	Individual Map	Arrondisement	Labelled Map
1	Awala-Yalimapo	187.4	1,430		Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
2	Mana	6,333	11,234
three	Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni	4,830	45,576
4	Apatou	ii,020	9,381
5	Grand-Santi	2,112	8,698
six	Papaïchton	2,628	6,212
7	Saül	4,475	152
8	Maripasoula	18,360	11,994
9	Camopi	10,030	1,834		Cayenne
10	Saint-Georges	2,320	4,188
xi	Ouanary	1,080	220
12	Régina	12,130	865
13	Roura	3,902.5	3,390
14	Saint-Élie	5,680	216
fifteen	Iracoubo	two,762	1,773
16	Sinnamary	1,340	2,895
17	Kourou	two,160	24,659
18	Macouria	377.5	fifteen,602
nineteen	Montsinéry-Tonnegrande	634	2,772
20	Matoury	137.19	32,942
21	Cayenne	23.half-dozen	63,652
22	Remire-Montjoly	46.xi	26,143

Transport [edit]

The Transportation arrangement in French Guiana is scarce compared to Metropolitan French republic, existence concentrated in the coastal zone of the territory, while the inland municipalities are poorly connected and often difficult to access.

Route arrangement [edit]

French Guiana has almost 2,200 km of roads,^[63] which are divided into:

• National roads (440 km), divided into RN1, RN2, RN3 and RN4 (the last 2 downgraded to departmental roads during Raffarin'south tenure), which connect the main coastal towns, forming a corridor that crosses the coastal strip from the border with Suriname to that of Brazil: RN1, completed in the 1990s, links Cayenne to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, crossing the municipalities of Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary (the stretch of road between Kourou and Sinnamary is locally called Road de l'espace, "infinite road") and Iracoubo, while RN2 runs from Cayenne to Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, where it continues on BR-156 across the bridge over the Oyapock. Today, all rivers are crossed past route by bridges, some of them quite long (e.g. the span over the Cayenne River is 1225 m long), whereas until 2004 (the twelvemonth of completion and inauguration of the Approuague bridge) many rivers were crossed by Canoes and barges. Send on national roads is restricted during the rainy season (from 48 to a maximum of 32 tons), while the maximum speed (monitored by the National Gendarmerie posts at Régina and Iracoubo, which are besides in accuse of controlling the possible period of illegal traffic and irregular immigrants) is 90 km/h;

• Departmental roads (408 km), subdivided into urban and rural departmental roads (rural roads), which serve the coastal Villages, 90% of which have no street lighting;

• Communal roads or forest tracks (1. 311 km), most of which are closed to ordinary traffic and reserved for authorized personnel (employees of authorized mining or logging companies, forest rangers): the longest tracks are the Bélizon track in the commune of Saül (Guiana) (150 km), the Saint-Élie-diga rails in Petit-Saut (26 km), the Coralie rails (the oldest in the section, created to reach the Boulanger mine) and the Maripasoula-Papaïchton runway. The communal roads are non usually paved and often go into the woods from the departmental roads;

Despite the beingness of numerous projects to upgrade and asphalt roads (such as the Bélizon road or the Apatou-Maripasoula-Saül centrality), which are often opposed by environmental movements because of environmental fragmentation and issues for Amerindian and Maroon communities, several French Guiana municipalities (Ouanary, Camopi, Saül, Saint-Élie, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula, Apatou) still do not have road access.

Following a treaty betwixt France and Brazil signed in July 2005, the Oyapock River Bridge over the Oyapock River was built and completed in 2011, becoming the commencement country crossing e'er between French Guiana and the remainder of the globe (there exists no other bridge crossing the Oyapock River, and no bridge crossing the Maroni River marking the border with Suriname, although there is a ferry crossing to Albina, Suriname). The bridge was officially opened on 18 March 2017, yet the edge mail introduction on the Brazilian caused additional delays.^[64] As of 2020, it possible to drive uninterrupted from Cayenne to Macapá, the capital letter of the country of Amapá in Brazil.^[65]

Railway system [edit]

The Railway section of the Tiger Military camp. Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni Railway (Prison Administration circa 1905).

At present, French Guiana does non have a railway system, with the exception of a small section in the Center Spatial Guyanais used for the send of components: when the territory was a penal colony, at that place were some railroad lines built by the Prisoners themselves to connect the various baths with each other, the remains of which (now disused and mostly engulfed past the jungle) are still visible in some areas. These lines include the department from Montsinéry-Tonnegrande to the and then-chosen bagne des Annamites, the section from Saint-Élie to the Saut du Tigre labor camp (now submerged past the artificial lake created past the Petit-Saut dam) and the section from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni-Mana-Saint-Jean-du-Maroni.

Ports [edit]

Transportation by boat is quite widespread in French Guiana: amid the near important Ports are the port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, located at the mouth of the Mahury River, in the commune of Rémire-Montjoly, through which most of the imported or exported goods of the territory laissez passer and where the local detachment of the Marine nationale is housed, and the port of Larivot, located in Matoury, where the Guyanese fishing fleet is concentrated.

The port of Dégrad-Des-Cannes, built in 1969 to cope with the impossibility of the former port of Cayenne to decongest the growing maritime traffic, has a rather limited typhoon, and larger ships oftentimes adopt to dock at Ile du Salut to unload people and goods (which are then transported to the mainland past smaller ships) to avert running aground. The port of Pariacabo in Kourou is home to the Colibri and Toucan ships, which bear components for Ariane missiles.

The inland rivers are heavily traversed by canoes and other minor boats, linking the villages on the Marowijne, Oyapock and Approuague Rivers, which often cannot be reached in any other way; the lake created by the Petit-Saut dam is also often crossed, although it is officially forbidden to cross the body of water.

In the department, 460 km of aquatic surround are considered navigable.

Airports [edit]

French Guiana is served by Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, located in Matoury. There are also several airstrips in the department, located in Camopi, Maripasoula, Ouanary, Saint-Georges-de-50'Oyapock, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Saül, for a total of eleven hubs (iv paved and vii unpaved).

From the principal airport, there are two daily directly flights to Paris (Paris Orly airport, with an average flying time of nigh 8 hours and 25 minutes from Guyana to the capital letter and ix hours and 10 minutes vice versa), offered past Air France and Air Caraïbes, besides equally other flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, Miami and Belém: The regional carrier Air Guyane Express besides offers daily flights to Maripasoula and Saül, as well as more than sporadic flights (mainly related to postal deliveries) to Saint-Georges-de-fifty'Oyapock and Camopi.

Public transportation [edit]

An Agglo bus, public transport, in the urban center of Cayenne, French Guiana

There is a public bus service that currently simply covers the municipality of Cayenne and is run past the SMTC (Syndicat Mixte de Send en Commun, at present changed to Régie Communautaire des Transports – RCT) and consists of seven lines.

For connections betwixt the coastal towns (except Montsinéry-Tonnegrande), the "commonage cab" (Taxis Co) method is quite widespread, which are minibuses with a capacity of almost ten people that leave as soon as at that place is a sure number of users on board. In 2010, the general quango reached an agreement with some of the operators of this service to make it at least partially public nether the proper noun of TIG (Transporte Interurbano de la Guiana), with fixed departure times and predefined stops.

On the main rivers (Marowijne and Oyapock), there are pirogue services (chosen pirogues cabs), which get both to inland centers and beyond the edge (such as Albina in Suriname or Oiapoque in Brazil).

Main settlements [edit]

Population figures are those recorded in the 2018 census.^[66]

• Cayenne: 63,652 inhabitants in the commune; 122,737 inhabitants in the urban expanse (which includes the communes of Cayenne, Matoury, and Remire-Montjoly); 144,501 in the metropolitan area (which additionally includes the communes of Macouria, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande, and Roura)
• Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni: 45,576
• Kourou: 24,959
• Maripasoula: xi,994
• Mana: 11,234
• Apatou: ix,381
• Grand-Santi: eight,698
• Papaïchton: half-dozen,212
• Saint-Georges: iv,188

Military, law and security forces [edit]

The commander of the French armed forces in French Guiana since July 2009 has been General Jean-Pierre Hestin. The military there is currently 1,900 strong, expected to increase enrollment in 2014–2015.^[67]

Among the military, constabulary and security forces in French Guiana, are the following:

Headquarters of the ninth Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne

• The ninth Marine Infantry Regiment (9^e RIMa) in Cayenne, the Madeleine.
• The 3rd Strange Infantry Regiment (iii^e REI) in Kourou.
• The gendarmerie and the police force, divided into 16 brigades. These serve Cayenne, Remire-Montjoly, Cacao, Régina, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock, Camopi, Macouria, Kourou, Sinnamary, Iracoubo, Mana, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Apatou, Grand-Santi, Papaïchton, Maripasoula and Matoury.
• The RSMAG Regiment (Adapted Military Service) of Guyana, located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, with a disengagement in Cayenne.
• Diverse detachments corps:
  • A French Air Forcefulness platoon based at the Felix Eboué airport.^[68]
  • The platoon of the French Navy, based at the naval base of Dégrad des Cannes.
  • A detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade in Kourou, ensuring the protection of the Guiana Space Eye.

Culture [edit]

Architecture [edit]

Thémire business firm, Creole style, in Cayenne.

The local compages is characterized by its Creole, Amerindian and Bushinenge influences. The main towns comprise predominantly Creole-way architecture, with some Western-way buildings and forts. In the communes with the black maroon populations one can see houses of bushinengue styles. And the Amerindian communes are recognized for their pre-colonial type carbets. Virtually of these buildings were designed with local materials, such every bit woods from the Amazonian forests and bricks made on site. These local architectures blend with contemporary fashion buildings.

Festivities [edit]

Group parades during the Nifty Nighttime Parade of Cayenne.

Horses of air and light at the Big Parade of the Litoral, in Kourou.

The Carnival is ane of the major events in French Guiana. Considered the longest in the world, information technology takes place on afternoon of Dominicus, between Epiphany at the beginning of Jan and Ash Wednesday in Feb or (calendar month). Groups disguised according to the theme of the year parade around busy floats to the rhythm of percussion and brass. The preparation of the groups starts months before the carnival. The groups parade in front of thousands of spectators who gather on the sidewalks and bleachers arranged for the occasion.

Brazilian groups identical to those in the Rio carnival are besides appreciated for their rhythms and their alluring costumes. The Chinese community of Cayenne too participates in the parades, bringing its feature bear upon, dragons.

At the get-go of the evening, the Touloulous, typical characters of the Guianan carnival, go to the dancings to participate in the famous paré-masked balls.

Cuisine [edit]

Atipa in kokosnoot milk, typical dish of Guiana cuisine.

Guianan cuisine is rich in the dissimilar cultures that mix in French Guiana. Creole restaurants rub shoulders with Chinese restaurants in large cities such equally Cayenne, Kourou and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. The local culinary art originally brought together Guianan Creole, Bushinengue and Native American cuisines.

All of these cuisines have several ingredients in common:

• Manioc;
• Smoked meats and fish.

This southern Caribbean territory has many typical dishes, such equally Awara broth, Creole galette, Dizé milé, Countess, Cramanioc pudding, Kalawanng, Couac gratin and salad, Fricasse of iguana or its famous Pimentade (fish or chicken court-bouillon).

Atipas are local fishes beloved by the French Guianese often prepared with coconut milk.

At Easter, Guianan people eat a traditional dish called Awara goop.

For weddings, locals traditionally eat Colombo, which is a type of curry that has get a staple of the French Guianese cuisine.

Literature [edit]

French Guiana literature includes all works written by local authors or persons related to French Guiana. It is expressed both in French and in Guianan Creole.

Local literature is a literature closely related to that of the French Due west Indies: peculiarly the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. For some, information technology is an Antillean-Guyanese literature in relation to the themes addressed, which are mainly related to slavery and other social problems. Thus, this literature takes several forms. First, orality, because information technology is a characteristic element of Guianan literature, as in many countries of Black America. In this connexion, we tin consider tales, Legends, fables and, in another form, Novels.^[69]

Nineteenth century French Guiana is marked by a weak presence of writers. At that time, writers only published a few scattered poems in local newspapers. Today, nonetheless, it is difficult to trace the writings of some French Guianan poets: Ho-A-Sim-Elosem, Munian, R. Octaville, etc. Two Guianan poets are the exception. According to Ndagano (1996), Ismaÿl Urbain^[lxx] and Fabien Flavien would be considered the first French Guianan poets.^[71] However, Alfred Parépou is a author who marked his era with his piece of work Atipa (1885).

The flow from 1900 to 1950 constitutes an important stage in local literature insofar as it gave birth to numerous writers who had a considerable touch, such as those of Negritude (Négritude). The Guianan of the 1950s and 1960s is notable for writing about the blackness cause. Serge Patient and Elie Stephenson did address this result in their writings.

Since 1970 different generations of writers have become enlightened of the black cause or slavery. Whether through their writings or their political activities, they accept into account this painful menstruation that had serious consequences on the local lodge and on the blackness globe in general. For this generation, Christiane Taubira remains the figurehead. Other writers are interested in other types of themes, such as regional nature, etc.

Sport [edit]

Sport in French Guiana dates dorsum to long before the colonial period. Popularized since the 19th century, the start sports competition organized to commemorate fourteen July was held in 1890. At that fourth dimension, there were already physical activities favorable to the inhabitants of this Amazonian territory, but also sports coming from Europe, which favored the colonizers. There were: pes races, ass races, canoe races, bicycle races, tricycle races, nautical regattas in the ports and traditional pop games.

The most popular sport in French Guiana today is football, followed by basketball, cycling, swimming and handball, although there are some canoeing, judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, aikido, karate, fencing, horseback riding, rowing and volleyball clubs in the department.

As a French Overseas section, Guiana is non a member of the Pan American Sports Organization; rather, athletes compete within the French National Olympic and Sports Committee and are governed by the Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, a sub-unit of the Fédération française d'athlétisme.

Starting in 1960, the Bout of Guiana, an annual multiple stage cycle race, is held.^[72]

Football [edit]

The territory has its own local team the French Guiana national football squad. A regional football game league, the French Guiana Football League, was established in October 1962. It is currently not affiliated to FIFA, but has been affiliated to the FFF since 27 April 1963 and has been an associate member of CONCACAF (Due north, Central American and Caribbean League) since 1978.

Despite existence geographically in the subcontinent of South America, the local sports authorities chose to participate in the competition where almost of the countries and dependent territories of the Caribbean area are located, and not in CONMEBOL as it would stand for to information technology in terms of Geography.

In April 2013, the LFG became a full member of CONCACAF. The French Guiana Football game Squad, also known as Yana Dòkò, is a selection of the best local players under the auspices of the Guiana Football League. It is not recognized by FIFA, but participates in CONCACAF competitions. It played its starting time match confronting Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) in 1936 losing 1 to 3.^[73] It had its biggest victory on 26 September 2012 against St. Pierre and Miquelon (xi to 1) and its biggest defeat was also against Dutch Guiana, losing 9 to 0 on 2 March 1947.

The team has participated in events such as the CONCACAF Nations Cup / Gilded Cup, Caribbean Nations Cup (between 1978 and 2017), CONCACAF Nations League, Overseas Cup (Coupe de l'Outre-Mer, 2008–2012) and the Tournament of iv (Tournoi des 4).

Georges-Chaumet Stadium, French Guiana

Tour [edit]

The Tour of Guiana (locally: Tour de Guyane), formerly known as "Le Tour du Littoral" (the Coastal Tour) or more than rarely as "La Grande Boucle Guayanaise", is a cycling phase race that takes place mainly in French Guiana each year, although it occasionally crosses neighbouring countries.

Information technology takes identify in nine stages, with a route linking the main towns of the department: Cayenne, Kourou, and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. Information technology was created in 1950 and is organised by the Comité Régional de Cyclisme de la Guyane (French Guiana Cycling Committee).

The bout has been international since 1978. Over the years it has gained in importance and popularity and its duration has increased. The participation has grown from a generally French Guianan group in the beginning editions to editions with more than 10 different nationalities. The 2020 edition of the Tour could not take identify due to the COVID-xix pandemic. This is also the case for the Tour in 2021.^[74]

In popular civilization [edit]

The novel Papillon, past the French captive Henri Charrière, is set in French Guiana. It was first published in France in 1969, describing his escape from a penal colony there. Becoming an instant bestseller, it was translated into English from the original French by June P. Wilson and Walter B. Michaels for a 1970 edition, and by author Patrick O'Brian. Shortly afterward the volume was adjusted for a Hollywood film of the same name. Charrière stated that all events in the book are truthful and accurate, allowing for modest lapses in memory. Since its publication there has been controversy over its accurateness.^{[75] [76]}

Encounter besides [edit]

• Index of French Guiana-related manufactures
• List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana
• Commonwealth of Independent Guiana

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Further reading [edit]

• Robert Aldrich and John Connell. France's Overseas Frontier : Départements et territoires d'outre-mer Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-03036-6.
• René Belbenoit. Dry out guillotine: 15 years amid the living dead 1938, Reprint: Berkley (1975). ISBN 0-425-02950-6.
• René Belbenoit. Hell on Trial 1940, translated from the original French manuscript by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint past Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 194 p. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971.
• Henri Charrière. Papillon Reprints: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-246-63987-3 (hbk); Perennial, 2001. ISBN 0-06-093479-iv (sbk).
• John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America'southward Untamed Edge 2011
• Joshua R. Hyles (2013). Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the Globe. Lexington Books. ISBN9780739187807.
• Peter Redfield. Infinite in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana ISBN 0-520-21985-6.
• Miranda Frances Spieler. Empire and Underworld: Captivity in French Guiana (Harvard University Press; 2012) studies slaves, criminals, indentured workers, and other marginalized people from 1789 to 1870.

External links [edit]

• Official government site
• French Guiana Travel Guide, Good Addresses and Tips

In What Terms Of The Ethnic Makeup Of French Guianas Population.,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana

Posted by: sharpmeir1944.blogspot.com

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